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The deemed level of severity of COVID-19 complied with the Japanese classification defined by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan, i.e., mild: without shortness of breath or pneumonia (percutaneous oxygen saturation: SpO 2 ≥ 96%) moderate-I: with pneumonia but not respiratory failure (93% < SpO 2 < 96%) moderate-II: with pneumonia accompanying respiratory failure and oxygen administration required severe (SpO 2 ≤ 93%): admission to an intensive care unit or artificial ventilation required. Information was obtained from medical records for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), underlying conditions (current smoking and alcohol drinking habits), hospitalization due to COVID-19, therapeutic events of either oxygen or corticosteroid use during the acute phase, date of visiting the CAC after the onset of COVID-19, severity of COVID-19, history of COVID-19 vaccination, and clinical symptoms of long COVID. Long COVID was defined as symptoms that persist for more than one month after the onset of COVID-19. Medical records for 65 patients who visited our CAC due to long COVID during the period from February to July in 2021 were carefully reviewed.

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This study was a retrospective, observational study. Serum antibody titers were higher in patients who experienced a severe acute phase, but the serum antibody titers did not seem to be directly related to the long-term persistence of long COVID symptoms. Conclusion: Long COVID symptoms were improved at 3 months after the initial visit in more than half of the patients. Patients with antibody titers ≥200 U/mL showed significantly fewer improvements in long COVID symptoms in 1 month, but they showed improvements at 3 months after the first visit. Patients who required hospitalization and had a poor condition in the acute phase and patients who received oxygen/dexamethasone therapy had higher antibody titers at the time of consultation. These symptoms improved in about 60% of the patients after 3 months. The most frequent symptoms were general malaise, dysosmia, dysgeusia, sleeplessness, and headache. The symptoms of sequelae were diverse, with more than 20 types. Results: Information was obtained from medical records for 65 patients. We also examined the relationship with SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers. We focused on changes in the numbers of symptoms and the background of the patients during a three-month period from the first outpatient visit. Methods: To determine the key factors that affect the onset and clinical course of sequelae, a retrospective analysis was performed at Okayama University Hospital (Japan) between February and July 2021. In February 2021, we established an outpatient clinic in a university hospital for patients with long COVID and started medical treatment for sequelae that persisted one month or more after infection. Background: Various symptoms persist even after the acute symptoms in about one third of patients with COVID-19.









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